This House of Lords Library briefing describes the background to the Salisbury Convention and considers how it applies when a hung parliament produces a minority or coalition government.
Salisbury Convention in a Hung Parliament (3MB PDF)
The Salisbury-Addison Convention is commonly understood to mean that the House of Lords gives a second reading to government bills which seek to implement manifesto commitments, and that the House does not table wrecking amendments which might otherwise alter the bill’s intent. In recent times, it is often referred to simply as the Salisbury Convention.
In the 2017 general election, the Conservative Party won the largest number of seats, but did not secure an overall majority in the House of Commons. This has given rise to questions about whether or how the Salisbury Convention would apply in the case of a minority government that has failed to secure an electoral mandate for its manifesto. Differing views have been expressed amongst politicians and academics on this point. Mark Elliott, Professor of Public Law at the University of Cambridge, has suggested that “the governing criterion is ultimately what members of the relevant political community think”. Lord Thomas of Gresford, the Liberal Democrats’ Shadow Attorney General, has already indicated his view that the Salisbury Convention does not apply to bills put forward by a minority government or under a confidence and supply arrangement.
Similar questions about the applicability of the Salisbury Convention arose after the 2010 general election which also produced a hung parliament. When the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats formed a coalition government, there were debates about whether the Salisbury Convention applied, since the two parties had campaigned on different manifestos, and the coalition agreement in which they set out their programme for government was not drawn up until after the election. While the Government initially asserted that the Convention still held, in 2011 the Minister for Political and Constitutional Reform acknowledged that “with the advent of a coalition government […] the Salisbury-Addison Convention does not operate in the same way, if at all”. During the period of the Coalition Government, there were attempts on three occasions to block a government bill at second reading in the House of Lords, all of which failed.
Salisbury Convention in a Hung Parliament (3MB PDF)
The House of Lords (Alternative Second Chamber Bill) [HL] is a private member’s bill introduced by Baroness Smith of Llanfaes (Plaid Cymru). It would require the secretary of state to carry out a consultation regarding proposals for replacing the House of Lords with an alternative second chamber. The bill specifies whom the secretary of state would be required to consult with and the timeframe of that consultation.
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The bill is a government bill that would make a range of changes to the legal framework concerning elections, including extending the franchise for UK parliamentary elections and other reserved elections to 16- and 17-year-olds. The bill was amended during both its committee and report stages in the House of Commons, with many of the government’s later amendments implementing recommendations from the Rycroft review on countering foreign financial influence and interference in UK politics.
Social media and other technologies have made it easier, quicker and cheaper for foreign powers to spread false information online aimed at undermining UK democracy. Such disinformation campaigns are one type of interference operation. In parallel, researchers have noted a link between declining public trust and societal polarisation, which can be exacerbated by online discourse. This briefing provides introductory reading to these issues, including recent reports and government announcements.
