Concerns have been raised about levels of welfare spending in the UK and increasing numbers of young people not in education, employment or training. This briefing sets out statistics, government policy and commentary on welfare and youth employment. This includes the government’s youth guarantee, its ‘Get Britain working’ policies and the interim report by Alan Milburn on young people and work.
The government established a taskforce in July 2024 to develop a strategy to reduce child poverty in the UK. Published in December 2025, the strategy included a combination of previously implemented and new policies. While charities, think tanks and other groups generally welcomed the strategy, particularly the removal of the two-child universal credit limit and extension of free school meals, some argued for further reforms to the social security system.
The UK’s low and declining birth rate, alongside increasing life expectancy, is contributing to population ageing. This has raised concerns about potential effects on the size of the workforce, demand for public services and economic growth. This briefing considers these issues and sets out the government’s response to such concerns.
Research Briefing
This briefing explores what announcements the government could make in the King’s Speech on 13 May 2026 about welfare and pensions.
Research Briefing
The Universal Credit (Removal of Two Child Limit) Bill is a government bill that would remove the current two-child limit in universal credit across the UK from 6 April 2026. The government announced its intention to remove the limit at the November 2025 budget. The House of Commons has passed the bill. The House of Lords is scheduled to consider the bill at second reading and all remaining stages on 12 March 2026.
Research Briefing
The National Insurance Contributions (Employer Pensions Contributions) Bill would give effect to the government’s policy, announced at the November 2025 budget, to abolish national insurance contributions (NICs) tax relief on employer salary sacrifice pensions contributions above £2,000 per year per employee. The bill would provide for future regulations to apply employee and employer NICs to salary sacrifice pensions contributions above this new threshold. The change would take effect from April 2029.
Research Briefing
The Pension Schemes Bill would implement government commitments to reform private pensions. The government intends these reforms to improve outcomes for savers and encourage pension schemes to invest in the UK economy.
In Focus
The chancellor delivered the government’s second budget on 26 November 2025. Overall, tax policy decisions were forecast to raise £26.6bn by 2030/31, increasing the tax take to 38% of GDP in the same year. The chancellor used this additional revenue to increase fiscal headroom to £21.7bn in 2029/30, up from £9.9bn forecast at the spring statement in March 2025. Spending decisions included removing the two-child limit in universal credit.
Research Briefing
The Universal Credit Bill was introduced in the House of Lords on 10 July 2025. It is due to receive its second reading and remaining stages on 22 July 2025. It is a government bill that was originally introduced in the House of Commons with the title Universal Credit and Personal Independence Payment Bill. The speaker of the House of Commons has designated the bill as a money bill. Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle (Green Party) has tabled a non-fatal amendment to regret the motion to give the bill a second reading in the House of Lords.
Research Briefing
The Still-Birth (Definition) Bill [HL] would amend the legal definition of stillbirth in England and Wales to apply from 20 weeks into a pregnancy, rather than the current 24 weeks. It is scheduled to have its second reading in the House of Lords on 4 July 2025.
Research Briefing
The government has committed to reducing and reclaiming public money lost to fraud and error. The Public Authorities (Fraud, Error and Recovery) Bill contains provisions to extend Cabinet Office and Public Sector Fraud Authority powers to tackle fraud and error outside the tax and benefits system, and also expands powers to tackle fraud within the benefits system. The bill is due to have its second reading in the House of Lords on 15 May 2025.
In Focus
On 9 March, the Covid-19 Day of Reflection 2025 took place to mark five years since the start of the pandemic in the UK. This briefing has been prepared ahead of a debate in the House of Lords focused on the support available to those bereaved because of Covid-19. It outlines the help available for families and sets out background information on the Covid-19 Day of Reflection, as well as the UK Covid-19 inquiry.
Research Briefing
The bill would amend the Universal Credit Regulations 2013 to increase the standard allowance entitlement of universal credit for individuals leaving care once they turn 18 to match the amount available to claimants aged 25 or over.
In Focus
This briefing looks at the Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment Regulations 2024. These regulations would introduce means testing for the winter fuel payment. They are the subject of a motion by Baroness Altmann (non-affiliated) to annul them. The House of Lords Secondary Legislation Scrutiny Committee has also drawn the regulations to the special attention of the House.
Research Briefing
Research briefing setting out the government’s commitments covering welfare and pensions for the House of Lords debate on the 2024 King’s Speech.
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